Table 2.
Immune responses to vaccines and infectious pathogens in early life
| Vaccine | Immune responses | References |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B vaccine | Defective early Th1 and increased memory Th2 responses in newborns as compared to naïve adults; higher antibody response than adults | [46] |
| Oral poliomyelitis vaccine | Defective Th1 response and similar antibody response in newborns as compared to immune adults | [47] |
| M. bovis BCG vaccine | Adult-like Th1 response in newborns; promotes antibody, Th1 and Th2 responses to unrelated vaccines | [48–50,58] |
| Whole cell pertussis vaccine | Th1 response in 2 months-old infants | [52] |
| Measles vaccine | Lower Th1 response in 6–12 months-old infants as compared to immune adults | [53] |
| Human cytomegalovirus | Mature CD8 T cell response and defective CD4 T cell response in fetuses and infants as compared to adults | [70,71,75,98,99] |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | Defective CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in newborns and infants as compared to adults | [76,77,78,79,80,81,82,100,101] |
| Trypanosoma cruzi | Adult-like CD8 T cell response | [88] |
| Herpes simplex virus | Delayed IFN-γ response in infants as compared to adults | [102] |
| Bordetella pertussis | Th1 response in infants | [52] |