Table 2.

Evidence of T-cell involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitides

Finding	Reference
T-cells infiltrate vasculitic and granulomatous lesions	[7–10]
Activation markers are up-regulated on T-cells even in remission and despite treatment	[11,12].
S(oluble)IL-2R, sCD4, sCD8, sCD30 are elevated, indicating T-cell activation	[13–16]
T-cells proliferate in the presence of PR3 and MPO	[17,18]
Predominance of IgG1-, IgG3-, and/or IgG4-ANCA suggests antigen-driven T-cell dependent immune response	[19]
T-cells are oligoclonally expanded	[20]
T-cell directed treatments induce remission in refractory disease	[21,22]