Concentrations of (a) tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), (b) interleukin-6 (IL-6), (c) IL-8 and (d) sTREM-1 of the first day of presentation of sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock in 27, 27 and 36 patients, respectively, in the field of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Circles denote outliers and asterisks denote extremes. aP = 0·003, comparison between sepsis and septic shock; bP = 0·002, comparison between severe sepsis and septic shock.