Table 2. Urine cytokine levels in males and females measured in 1-month intervals at three different investigations.

	1st investigation*			2nd investigation			3rd investigation
Parameter	Male (n = 18)	Female (n = 28)	P	Male (n = 18)	Female (n = 28)	P	Male (n = 18)	Female (n = 24)	P
U_IL-1α (pg/ml)	0·7 ± 1·1	12·6 ± 14·3	< 0·0001	0·6 ± 1·2	17·9 ± 18·7	< 0·0001	1·9 ± 1·5	8·1 ± 7·5	< 0·0001
U_IL-1β (pg/ml)	0·4 ± 0·8	5·2 ± 11·9	0·098	0·8 ± 1·0	5·1 ± 7·9	0·003	0·4 ± 0·5	1·8 ± 3·6	0·073
U_sIL-1RA (pg/ml)	1727 ± 801	2686 ± 573	0·0001	2010 ± 790	2859 ± 662	0·0003	1414 ± 805	2452 ± 877	0·0002
U_IL-2 (pg/ml)	1·8 ± 5·1	1·4 ± 2·9	0·082	4·8 ± 16·5	4·3 ± 0·10·8	0·543	2·0 ± 4·0	3·8 ± 9·4	0·432
U_sIL-2R (pg/ml)	750 ± 540	535 ± 520	0·163	695 ± 561	685 ± 623	0·644	753 ± 566	448 ± 407	0·049
U_IL-3 (pg/ml)	5·7 ± 11·3	3·1 ± 6·9	0·928	3·1 ± 4·2	2·6 ± 5·0	0·363	1·2 ± 2·2	1·8 ± 3·1	0·587
U_IL-4 (pg/ml)	0·7 ± 1·7	0·4 ± 0·8	0·904	0·7 ± 1·5	0·8 ± 4·0	0·280	0·5 ± 0·9	0·4 ± 1·2	0·266
U_IL-6 (pg/ml)	0·9 ± 1·5	1·3 ± 2·9	0·620	2·1 ± 3·2	1·5 ± 1·8	0·731	1·3 ± 2·4	0·4 ± 1·1	0·111
U_sIL-6R (pg/ml)	814 ± 500	1142 ± 2285	0·558	1478 ± 1867	743 ± 482	0·115	673 ± 502	700 ± 566	0·990
U_IL-10 (pg/ml)	2·7 ± 4·53	7·3 ± 10·2	0·136	4·4 ± 8·0	7·1 ± 13·6	0·246	1·4 ± 2·1	3·5 ± 6·5	0·366
U_TNF-α (pg/ml)	4·0 ± 7·0	3·4 ± 4·1	0·583	3·8 ± 2·7	3·6 ± 3·3	0·569	2·3 ± 2·4	1·9 ± 2·1	0·575
U_TGF-β2 (pg/ml)	1·5 ± 4·4	3·2 ± 7·8	0·904	0·8 ± 2·2	2·5 ± 5·4	0·115	2·3 ± 5·4	3·4 ± 6·1	0·473
U_IFN-γ (pg/ml)	11·8 ± 19·4	26·7 ± 44·5	0·551	16·1 ± 23·5	39·4 ± 74·8	0·147	102·5 ± 125·8	71·3 ± 87·5	0·990

U_ = urine level. All data are given as mean ± 1s.d.

^*Urine samples of the first investigation were obtained simultaneously with plasma samples (see Table 1). P-values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Adjustment for multiple testing (n = 13) was performed according to Bonferroni's method. P-values of < 0·01 were considered to be significant and are shown in bold type.