| McCall et al. (1989) [44] |
Uncontrolled |
6-active UC |
3–4 g/day EPA 12 weeks |
Improved symptoms/histology/LTB4 production |
| Salomon et al. (1990) [45] |
Uncontrolled |
10-UC refractory to medication |
2·7 g/day EPA 1·8 g/day DHA 8 weeks |
70% patients showed improvement in disease activity measures |
| Lorenz et al. (1989) [46] |
Placebo-controlled cross-over |
29-CD |
3·2 g/day n-3 fatty acid |
Improvement in disease activity scores in UC not CD |
|
|
10-UC |
7 months (1-month washout) |
|
| Hawthorne et al. (1992) [47] |
Placebo-controlled |
96-UC (differing stages of activity) |
4·5 g/day 1 year |
Steroid-sparing effect in active disease/no prevention of relapse/more than 50% reduction in LTB4 |
| Stenson et al. (1992) [48] |
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over |
24-active UC |
5·4 g/day n-3 versus oliveoil placebo, 4/12 (1/12 washout) |
Improvements in weight and histology/60% decrease in LTB4/no steroid-sparing effect |
| Aslan et al. (1992) [49] |
Placebo-controlled cross-over |
17-active UC |
4·2 g/day n-3, 3/12 (2/12 washout) versus corn oil placebo |
72% patients showed steroid-sparing effects/50% had improvement in disease, no improvement in histology |
| Mate et al. (1996) [50] |
Controlled |
38-CD (in remission) |
Fish enriched diet, 2 years |
Longer symptomatic remission on diet |
| Loeschke et al. (1996) [51] |
Placebo-controlled |
64-UC (in remission, 3/12 ASAs permitted |
5·1 g/day versus corn oil placebo, 2 years |
Less relapses in FO group after 3/12. Not sustained at 2 years |
| Lorenz-Meyer (1996) [52] |
Placebo-controlled |
204-CD (recovering from relapse, 8/52 steroids permitted |
5·1 g/day versus low-carb diet versus placebo |
None prevented relapses |
| Belluzzi et al. (1996) [53] |
Double-blinded, placebo-controlled |
78-CD (high risk of relapse) |
Novel enteric coated formulation, 2·7 g/day n-3, 1 year |
At 1 year 59% of FO group in remission versus 26% placebo group |
| Dichi et al. (2000) [54] |
Randomized controlled trial cross-over |
10 mild to moderate UC |
2 g/day sulphasalazine versus 5·4 g/day n-3 PUFA, 2 months |
Increased disease activity in n-3 PUFA group |
| Middleton et al. (2002) [55] |
Double-blind, randomized controlled trial |
63 UC |
Linolenic, EPA and DHA versus placebo, 1 year |
No maintenance of remission in UC |
| Gassull et al. (2002) [36] |
Multi-centre randomized controlled trial double-blinded |
62 active CD |
Polymeric diet (35 g/day lipid) (a) high oleate, low linoleate/(b)low oleate, high linoleate versus oral steroid (1 mg/ kg/day) |
Remission rates/polymeric diet/(a) 27%/ (b)63%/steroid 79% |
| Barbosa et al. (2003) [56] |
Randomized controlled trial placebo-controlled |
Nine mild/moderate UC on 2 g/day sulphasalazine |
4·5 g/day n-3 PUFA versus placebo 2 months (2-month washout) |
Significant reduction in oxidative stress in n-3 PUFA group but no change in disease activity scores |
| Bjorkkjaer et al. (2004) [57] |
Placebo-controlled |
9-CD 10-UC |
10 ml duodenal administration seal oil versus soy oil, 10 days |
Seal oil had significant beneficial effect on joint pain maintained at 6 months |
| Trebble et al. (2004) [19] |
Randomized controlled trial, placebo-controlled |
31 CD |
2·7 g EPA/DHA + anti-oxidant versus olive oilplacebo, 24 weeks |
Significantly lowered production of PGE2 and IFN-γ by peripheral blood monocytes |
