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Schematic diagram of the possible mechanistic coupling between neuronal glutamate release and glycolytic Glc consumption in astrocytes. The two molecules of ATP required by astrocytes to take up glutamate and convert it to Gln can be exactly balanced by the two molecules of ATP produced through glycolysis of one Glc molecule. Abbreviations: Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; Glc, glucose; Lac, lactate; VGln, rate of Gln synthesis; Vcycle, rate of neurotransmitter cycling.
