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GGA effects on antiviral factors during strain PR8 infection. A549 cells were treated with or without GGA followed by PR8 infection and incubated for the time period indicated. (A) mRNA expression of the antiviral gene (MxA), HSP70, and GAPDH. (B) Enhanced PKR mRNA expression by GGA, as analyzed by RT-PCR assay. (C) Level of PKR autophosphorylation. (D) Determination (using immunoblot analysis) of levels of phosphorylated eIF-2α, which is activated by phosphorylated PKR.
