Mean gamma interferon responses (ng ml−1) in cattle following immunization with live tachyzoites or whole-tachyzoite lysate 10 weeks prior to artificial insemination and challenged with a fetopathic infection of N. caninum Nc Liv tachyzoites 19 weeks after the first immunizing dose. ⧫, group 1 (challenge control); ▪, group 2 (live immunization); ▴, group 3 (lysate plus VSA3); ×, group 4 (lysate plus QuilA; □, group 5 (adjuvant control).