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Top views of a representative S. aureus Phillips biofilm grown in vitro at 37°C under hydrodynamic shear conditions. TSB flows from left to right, maintaining a wall shear rate of 100 s−1. (A) An initial cell density of approximately 2 × 104 cells mm−2 was seeded onto collagen and subjected to a continuous flow of TSB medium. This led to a biofilm community, viewed here at 8 (B), 16 (C), and 24 (D) h via phase-contrast microscopy. The white bar in each panel represents 50 μm.
