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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2007 Mar 20.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Death Differ. 2005 Nov;12(Suppl 2):1542–1552. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401765

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Regulatory complex for autophagy induction. Tor kinase regulates the induction of autophagy upon sensing the nutrient conditions. Atg1 kinase, which is essential for both autophagy and the Cvt pathway, forms a complex with several proteins that are characterized as being preferentially involved in the Cvt pathway (in white circles) or autophagy (in dark gray circle). Under nutrient-rich conditions, Tor kinase is active, and Atg13 is hyperphosphorylated. This highly phosphorylated Atg13 has a lower affinity for Atg1 and Atg17, and autophagy is downregulated. Under starvation conditions, Tor is inactive and Atg13 is hypophosphorylated. Dephosphorylated Atg13 interacts with Atg1 and Atg17 with a higher affinity. The enhancement of the formation of the Atg1-Atg13-Atg17 complex mediates the induction of autophagy. The Atg20-Atg24 complex, Atg11, and Vac8 might also belong to this complex, but a complete holo-complex as depicted has not been identified