Table 4.

Prevalence of lifetime heroin use and injection drug use among past-year drug users aged 12 to 17 in the 2002 and 2003 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (N = 8,161)

Weighted prevalence by lifetime drug use, row %	Ever used any heroin		Ever smoked heroin		Ever sniffed heroin		Ever injected heroin		Ever injected any drug
Overall prevalence (%)	1.40		0.62		0.89		0.41		1.20
Prevalence by substance use		χ 2 (df) p-value2		χ 2 (df) p-value2		χ 2 (df) p-value2		χ 2 (df) p-value2		χ 2 (df) p-value2
Cigarette smoking
Yes	1.80	36.4 (1)	0.79	16.4 (1)	1.18	30.8 (1)	0.52	16.3 (1)	1.32	23.1 (1)
No	0.25	<.001	0.14	<.001	0.06	<.001	0.07	<.001	0.85	0.131
Alcohol use
Yes	1.55	6.4 (1)	0.71	14.3 (1)	0.98	3.12 (1)	0.47	15.1 (1)	1.22	0.1 (1)
No	0.60	0.012	0.12	<.001	0.38	.078	0.06	<.001	1.08	.779
Inhalant use
Yes	2.66	18.9 (1)	1.39	13.3 (1)	1.79	11.6 (1)	0.71	5.4 (1)	2.35	18.0 (1)
No	0.80	<.001	0.25	<.001	0.46	<.001	0.26	.021	0.64	<.001
Marijuana use
Yes	1.83	42.7 (1)	0.83	30.4 (1)	1.17	25.7 (1)	0.54	21.5 (1)	1.29	1.2 (1)
No	0.17	<.001	0.02	<.001	0.10	<.001	0.03	<.001	0.92	.283
Inhalants and marijuana used
Inhalant users only1	0.19	45.3 (3)	NA	32.2 (3)	0.14	29.2 (3)	NA	27.5 (3)	1.38	21.2 (3)
Marijuana users only1	0.95	<.001	0.31	<.001	0.56	<.001	0.31	<.001	0.69	<.001
Inhalant and marijuana users1	4.29		2.31		2.88		1.17		3.00
Users of other drugs	0.16		0.03		0.06		0.07		0.46
Age of first cigarette smoking
≤ 14 years	2.13	47.8 (2)	0.94	31.7 (2)	1.39	31.1 (2)	0.63	29.0 (2)	1.49	12.8 (2)
15–17	0.13	<.001	NA	<.001	0.13	<.001	NA	<.001	0.41	0.002
No use	0.25		0.14		0.06		0.07		0.85
Age of first alcohol use
≤ 14 years	1.81	13.7 (2)	0.92	22.9 (2)	1.14	6.0 (2)	0.55	16.4 (2)	1.41	6.7 (2)
15–17	0.73	.001	0.07	<.001	0.50	.052	0.22	<.001	0.61	.035
No use	0.60		0.12		0.38		0.06		1.08
Age of first inhalant use
≤ 14 years	2.33	19.0 (2)	1.47	13.6 (2)	1.30	11.6 (2)	0.79	5.9 (1)	2.56	18.0 (1)
15–17	3.72	<.001	1.15	.001	3.34	.003	0.44	.053	1.71	<.001
No use	0.80		0.25		0.46		0.26		0.64
Age of first marijuana use
≤ 14 years	2.40	51.0 (2)	1.21	32.3 (2)	1.48	28.2 (2)	0.74	23.0 (2)	1.67	11.0 (1)
15–17	0.79	<.001	0.16	<.001	0.60	<.001	0.17	<.001	0.61	.004
No use	0.17		0.02		0.10		0.03		0.92
Number of inhalants ever used
None	0.80	19.6 (3)	0.25	13.6 (3)	0.46	12.1 (3)	0.26	7.6 (3)	0.64	19.0 (1)
1	2.50	<.001	0.82	.004	1.81	.007	0.52	.057	1.84	.003
2	1.88		1.26		0.81		0.30		2.12
≥ 3 inhalants	3.40		2.20		2.42		1.21		3.18
Past year type of delinquent behaviors
None	0.46	30.0 (2)	0.08	24.8 (2)	0.35	14.0 (3)	0.12	15.7 (3)	0.26	39.5 (3)
1–2	1.33	<.001	0.47	<.001	0.87	.001	0.24	<.001	1.11	<.001
≥ 3	4.08		2.43		2.39		1.61		3.90
History of foster care placement
Yes	3.37	3.1 (1)	1.20	0.70 (1)	1.73	0.92 (1)	2.10	3.8 (1)	5.63	8.9 (1)
No	1.31	.084	0.60	.404	0.85	.338	0.33	.050	1.01	.003
History of incarceration
Yes	4.54	12.5 (1)	2.00	7.3 (1)	2.80	8.91 (1)	1.36	5.7 (1)	3.19	10.1 (1)
No	1.00	<.001	0.45	.007	0.65	.003	0.29	.018	0.94	.002
Past year use of mental health services
Yes	2.48	11.8 (1)	1.25	9.0 (1)	1.48	4.9 (1)	0.80	6.5 (1)	2.02	8.4 (1)
No	1.00	<.001	0.39	.003	0.67	.027	0.26	.011	0.89	.004

¹Regardless of the use of other illicit drugs.

²χ ² test: owing to a large sample size, only p-values less than or equal to 0.001 are considered significant. NA: estimates are unavailable because of a small sample size.