Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for heroin use, heroin injection, and injection drug use among past-year drug users aged 12 to 17 (N = 8,161)
| Logistic regression | Any heroin use | Injection heroin Use3 | Any injection drug use3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Use of inhalants or marijuana | |||
| Inhalant only vs. marijuana only | 0.30 (0.06–1.46)† | 0.23 (0.03–1.90)†4 | 2.38 (1.03–5.49)* |
| Inhalants and marijuana vs. marijuana only | 2.81 (1.67–4.73)*** | 1.98 (0.92–4.27)† | 2.86 (1.58–5.20)** |
| Other drugs vs. marijuana only | 0.35 (0.10–1.21) † | NA | 0.88 (0.27–2.86) |
|
| |||
| Age group | |||
| 14–15 vs. 12–13 | .......... | .......... | .......... |
| 16–17 vs. 12–13 | .......... | .......... | .......... |
|
| |||
| Gender | |||
| Female vs. male | 2.36 (1.30–4.29)** | 3.91 (1.62–9.47)** | 1.77 (1.03–3.04)* |
|
| |||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| African American vs. white | 0.19 (0.05–0.67)** | 0.17 (0.03–1.02)†5 | 0.55 (0.20–1.54) |
| Hispanic vs. white | 0.98 (0.45–2.15) | 0.61 (0.22–1.70) | 0.67 (0.30–1.50) |
| Native American1 vs. white | 0.55 (0.14–2.21) | NA | 0.07 (0.01–0.63)* |
| Asian2 vs. white | 0.10 (0.01–0.75)* | NA | 2.29 (0.29–17.80) |
| More one race vs. white | 0.68 (0.17–2.74) | NA | 0.48 (0.06–3.64) |
|
| |||
| School enrollment | |||
| No vs. yes | 2.32 (1.04–5.20)* | 5.48 (1.81–16.59) ** | 2.85 (1.17–6.96)* |
|
| |||
| Total family income | |||
| $0 – $19,999 vs. $75K+ | .......... | .......... | .......... |
| $20K – $39,999 vs. $75K+ | .......... | .......... | .......... |
| $40K – $74K vs. $75K+ | .......... | .......... | .......... |
|
| |||
| Population density | |||
| Large metro vs Nonmetro | .......... | .......... | .......... |
| Small metro vs Nonmetro | .......... | .......... | .......... |
|
| |||
| Age of first cigarette smoking | |||
| ≤ 14 vs. ≥ 15 years and no use | 3.72 (1.82–7.59)*** | 4.05 (0.85–19.22)† | |
|
| |||
| Age of first alcohol use | |||
| ≤ 14 vs. ≥ 15 years and no use | .......... | ||
|
| |||
| Age of first inhalant use | |||
| ≤ 14 vs. ≥ 15 years and no use | .......... | .......... | .......... |
|
| |||
| Age of first marijuana use | |||
| ≤ 14 vs. ≥ 15 years and no use | .......... | .......... | .......... |
|
| |||
| Number of inhalants used | |||
| 1–2 vs. none | .......... | .......... | .......... |
| 3 or more vs. none | .......... | .......... | .......... |
|
| |||
| Past year delinquent behaviors | |||
| 1–2 vs. none | 2.33 (1.12–4.82)* | 1.73 (0.56–5.37) | 3.78 (1.70–8.40)*** |
| 3 or more vs. none | 5.15 (2.38–11.15)*** | 11.12 (3.90–31.72)*** | 12.31 (5.57–27.25)*** |
|
| |||
| History of incarceration | |||
| Yes vs. no | 2.87 (1.55–5.31)*** | .......... | 1.69 (0.94–3.02)† |
|
| |||
| History of foster care placement | |||
| Yes vs. no | .......... | 4.20 (1.85–9.54)*** | 4.13 (2.04–8.34)*** |
|
| |||
| Mental health service use | |||
| Yes vs. no | .......... | .......... | .......... |
†
P < 0.10;
*
P ≤ 0.05;
**
P ≤ 0.01;
***
P ≤ 0.001.
1
Native American includes American Indians and Alaska Natives.
2
Asian includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Hawaiians.
3
Due to the small sample of heroin users and IDUs, variables with a p-value ≤ 0.10 were included in each of the logistic regression models.
4
Users of inhalants only and users of other drugs were combined into one group.
5
African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and adolescents reporting more than one race were combined into one group. NA: estimates not available. Variables not included in the final model.