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Enteroviral infection affects only β cells in pancreatic islets. Confocal microscopy analysis demonstrated that β cells (A–C), but not α cells (D–F), result positive for VP-1 staining. Cells stained in green are positive for insulin (A and C) and glucagon (D and F), those stained in red are positive for VP-1 (B, E, and F), and those stained in yellow are double-positive cells for insulin and VP-1 (C). Double-positive cells for glucagon and VP-1 were not detected (F). (Scale bars: 18μm.)
