Diagram of techniques used to measure sound pressure in the ear canal and behavioral thresholds. Measurements were made with no isolation (A) and with different combinations of test devices: earplugs (B, left panel), earmuffs (C), earmuffs and earplugs together (D), a helmet and earmuffs together (E), and a helmet with earmuffs and earplugs together (not shown). Details of the attachment between the earplug, microphone, and probe tube are shown in (B), right panel; also shown is the position of the clay used to test whether the microphone was acoustically isolated from the sound field outside the ear.