TABLE 2—
Effect Sizes for Average Body Weight, by Type of Research Design
| Cross-Sectional | Longitudinal | Experimental (Long) | Overall | |||||
| r (95% CI) | No.a | r (95% CI) | No.a | r (95% CI) No.a | r (95% CI) | No.a | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 0.02* (−0.01, 0.05) | 5 | 0.03* (0.00, 0.05) | 2 | 0.17 (0.01, 0.32) | 2 | 0.03* (0.01, 0.05) | 9 |
| Female | 0.02* (−0.00, 0.04) | 8 | 0.11* (0.10, 0.13) | 5 | 0.49 (0.17, 0.72) | 1 | 0.09* (0.08, 0.10) | 13 |
| Mixed | 0.07* (0.06, 0.09) | 9 | 0.04* (0.01, 0.07) | 5 | 0.24 (0.18, 0.30) | 5 | 0.08* (0.06, 0.09) | 18 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| Children | 0.03* (0.01, 0.04) | 13 | 0.03* (0.01, 0.04) | 7 | 0.29 (0.22, 0.35) | 2 | 0.03* (0.02, 0.04) | 22 |
| Adults | 0.06* (0.05, 0.08) | 5 | 0.14* (0.13, 0.16) | 3 | 0.15 (0.05, 0.24) | 5 | 0.11* (0.10, 0.12) | 11 |
| Type of beverage | ||||||||
| Sugared soda | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 10 | 0.13* (0.11, 0.14) | 7 | 0.15 (0.04, 0.25) | 4 | 0.09* (0.08, 0.10) | 19 |
| Mixed/other | 0.07 (0.04, 0.09) | 8 | 0.03* (0.01, 0.04) | 3 | 0.27 (0.21, 0.34) | 3 | 0.05* (0.04, 0.06) | 14 |
| Soda intake | ||||||||
| Self-reported | 0.05 (0.03, 0.06) | 17 | 0.09 (0.08, 0.10) | 9 | 0.07 (−0.12, 0.26) | 1 | 0.07 (0.07, 0.08) | 25 |
| Measured | 0.20 (0.04, 0.35) | 1 | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.33) | 1 | 0.15 (0.05, 0.24) | 5 | 0.16 (0.08, 0.23) | 7 |
| Weight | ||||||||
| Self-reported | 0.05 (0.03, 0.06) | 5 | 0.10* (0.09, 0.11) | 4 | . . . | . . . | 0.08 (0.07, 0.09) | 7 |
| Measured | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) | 12 | 0.03* (0.00, 0.06) | 6 | 0.24 (0.18, 0.29) | 7 | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 25 |
| Adjusted values | ||||||||
| No | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 10 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.09) | 4 | 0.25 (0.20, 0.31) | 6 | 0.08 (0.06, 0.09) | 19 |
| Yes | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 9 | 0.10 (0.09, 0.11) | 6 | 0.07 (0.12, 0.26) | 1 | 0.08 (0.07, 0.09) | 15 |
| Industry funded | ||||||||
| No | 0.06* (0.05, 0.08) | 12 | 0.13* (0.11, 0.14) | 8 | 0.26 (0.20, 0.31) | 5 | 0.10* (0.09, 0.11) | 23 |
| Yes | 0.02* (0.00, 0.04) | 6 | 0.03* (0.01, 0.04) | 2 | 0.11 (0.05, 0.26) | 2 | 0.02* (0.01, 0.04) | 10 |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Because some studies reported both cross-sectional and longitudinal data, the numbers for the Overall column do not necessarily equal the sum of the numbers for the other columns.
aNumber of studies included in the analysis.
* P < .0056 (adjusted for multiple comparisons) for differences in effect sizes within each column and research design variable.