TABLE 3—
Average Milk Intake Effect Sizes, by Type of Research Design
| Cross-Sectional | Longitudinal | Overall | ||||
| r (95% CI) | No.a | r (95% CI) | No.a | r (95% CI) | No.a | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | −0.20* (−0.24, −0.16) | 2 | −0.15 (−0.39, 0.11) | 1 | −0.20* (−0.24, −0.16) | 3 |
| Female | −0.19* (−0.22, −0.16) | 4 | −0.12 (−0.24, 0.01) | 2 | −0.19* (−0.22, −0.16) | 6 |
| Mixed | −0.10* (−0.11, −0.08) | 11 | −0.25 (−0.32, −0.17) | 3 | −0.10* (−0.11, −0.09) | 14 |
| Age group | ||||||
| Children | −0.12 (−0.13, −0.11) | 14 | −0.21 (−0.27, −0.15) | 5 | −0.12 (−0.13, −0.11) | 19 |
| Adults | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.07) | 2 | . . . | . . . | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.07) | 2 |
| Type of beverage | ||||||
| Sugared soda | −0.06* (−0.08, −0.05) | 6 | −0.19 (−0.26, −0.10) | 2 | −0.07* (−0.08, −0.05) | 8 |
| Mixed/other | −0.19* (−0.21, −0.17) | 9 | −0.25 (−0.34, −0.15) | 3 | −0.19* (−0.21, −0.18) | 12 |
| Soda intake | ||||||
| Self-reported | −0.11 (−0.12, −0.10) | 15 | −0.17* (−0.23, −0.10) | 4 | −0.12* (−0.13, −0.11) | 19 |
| Measured | . . . | . . . | −0.58* (−0.70, −0.43) | 1 | −0.58* (−0.70, −0.43) | 1 |
| Milk intake | ||||||
| Self-reported | −0.11 (−0.12, −0.10) | 15 | −0.21 (−0.27, −0.15) | 5 | −0.12 (−0.13, −0.11) | 20 |
| Measured | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Adjusted values | ||||||
| No | −0.09* (−0.10, −0.08) | 9 | −0.23 (−0.29, −0.16) | 4 | −0.10* (−0.11, −0.08) | 13 |
| Yes | −0.19* (−0.21, −0.16) | 6 | −0.14 (−0.28, 0.00) | 1 | −0.18* (−0.21, −0.16) | 7 |
| Industry funded | ||||||
| No | −0.15* (−0.16, −0.13) | 9 | −0.31 (−0.40, −0.21) | 3 | −0.15* (−0.16, −0.14) | 12 |
| Yes | −0.06* (−0.08, −0.04) | 6 | −0.15 (−0.23, −0.07) | 2 | −0.06* (−0.08, −0.05) | 8 |
Note. CI = confidence interval.
aNumber of studies included in the analysis.
* P < .0056 (adjusted for multiple comparisons) for differences in effect sizes within each column and research design variable.