TABLE 4—
Average Calcium Intake Effect Sizes, by Type of Research Design
| Cross-Sectional | Longitudinal | Overall | ||||
| r (95% CI) | No.a | r (95% CI) | No.a | r (95% CI) | No.a | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.14) | 1 | −0.14 (−0.18, −0.10) | 1 | −0.10* (−0.14, −0.07) | 2 |
| Female | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.02) | 5 | −0.13 (−0.16, −0.10) | 3 | −0.09* (−0.11, −0.07) | 8 |
| Mixed | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.00) | 9 | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.05) | 1 | −0.01* (−0.03, 0.00) | 10 |
| Age group | ||||||
| Children | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00) | 12 | −0.08* (−0.12, −0.04) | 3 | −0.02* (−0.03, −0.01) | 15 |
| Adults | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03) | 3 | −0.16* (−0.19, −0.13) | 2 | −0.12* (−0.14, −0.10) | 5 |
| Type of beverage | ||||||
| Sugared soda | 0.05* (0.03, 0.07) | 3 | −0.13 (−0.16, −0.11) | 3 | −0.02* (−0.03, −0.00) | 6 |
| Mixed/other | −0.07* (−0.08, −0.05) | 11 | −0.08 (−0.16, −0.00) | 2 | −0.07* (−0.08, −0.05) | 13 |
| Soda intake | ||||||
| Self-reported | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) | 14 | −0.13 (−0.15, −0.11) | 5 | −0.04 (−0.05, −0.03) | 19 |
| Measured | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Calcium intake | ||||||
| Self-reported | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) | 14 | −0.15* (−0.18, −0.13) | 4 | −0.04 (−0.05, −0.03) | 18 |
| Measured | . . . | . . . | −0.08* (−0.12, −0.04) | 1 | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.04) | 1 |
| Adjusted values | ||||||
| Yes | 0.07* (0.04, 0.11) | 4 | −0.16 (−0.19, −0.13) | 2 | −0.07 (−0.09, −0.05) | 6 |
| No | −0.03* (−0.04, −0.02) | 10 | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.04) | 3 | −0.03 (−0.05, −0.02) | 13 |
| Industry funded | ||||||
| Yes | −0.05* (−0.06, −0.03) | 9 | −0.13 (−0.16, −0.11) | 3 | −0.07* (−0.09, −0.06) | 12 |
| No | 0.03* (0.01, 0.05) | 5 | −0.08 (−0.16, −0.00) | 2 | 0.03* (0.01, 0.05) | 7 |
Note. CI = confidence interval.
aNumber of studies included in the analysis.
* P < .0056 (adjusted for multiple comparisons) for differences in effect sizes within each column and research design variable.