Table 1.
Baseline Sociodemographic, Medical, and Psychosocial Characteristics of Opioid Use Groups
| Characteristic | Prescription-opioid-only users | Heroin-only users | Heroin-and-prescription opioid users | P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age ≤35 years, % (n) | 69 (20) | 40 (49) | 45 (21) | .02† |
| Male, % (n) | 83 (24) | 71 (88) | 87 (41) | .06 |
| White, % (n) | 97 (28) | 68 (84) | 87 (41) | .001†, ‡ |
| Full-time employment, % (n) | 39 (11) | 37 (44) | 35 (16) | .93 |
| High School or greater, % (n) | 86 (24) | 75 (90) | 87 (40) | .16 |
| Monthly income, ≥ $1,000, % (n) | 69 (20) | 42 (39) | 53 (24) | .04† |
| Never married, % (n) | 48 (14) | 56 (69) | 63 (30) | .39 |
| Medical characteristics | ||||
| ASI medical, % > 0 (n) | 28 (8) | 12 (11) | 16 (7) | .13 |
| HCV status, negative, % (n) | 86 (24) | 58 (66) | 72 (33) | .01† |
| Pyschosocial characteristics | ||||
| ASI employment, mean (SD) | 0.30 (.30) | 0.41 (.30) | 0.37 (.30) | .23 |
| ASI legal, > 0, % (n) | 34 (10) | 33 (30) | 27 (12) | .72 |
| ASI family/social, mean (SD) | 0.27 (.21) | 0.26 (.19) | 0.31 (.22) | .31 |
| ASI psychiatric, > 0, % (n) | 34 (10) | 27 (25) | 41 (18) | .26 |
| CESD, mean (SD) | 16.3 (12.1) | 16.4 (12.1) | 18.7 (11.6) | .54 |
| Drug use and treatment history | ||||
| Years of opioid use, mean (SD) | 4.0 (5.6) | 9.4 (7.6) | 7.9 (8.9) | .005† |
| Days of opioid use in prior 30, mean (SD) | 28.4 (4.3) | 28.4 (4.7) | 28.0 (4.9) | .87 |
| ASI Drug, 1> 0.30, % (n) | 90 (26) | 65 (60) | 69 (31) | .04† |
| Treatment motivation scale, mean (SD) | 4.8 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.4) | .08 |
| Drug treatment history, > 1 prior treatment, % (n) | 28 (8) | 65 (59) | 69 (31) | .001†, § |
| Use of other drugs in prior 30 days, % (n) | ||||
| Alcohol | 52 (15) | 47 (43) | 51 (23) | .84 |
| Cocaine | 28 (8) | 38 (35) | 40 (18) | .52 |
| Marijuana | 45 (13) | 25 (23) | 38 (17) | .08 |
| Other | 21 (6) | 13 (12) | 27 (12) | .14 |
| ASI Alcohol, % > 0 (n) | 52 (15) | 47 (43) | 51 (23) | .84 |
*Based on chi-square tests for categorical variables and one-way ANOVA for continuous measures
†Heroin-only users ≠ prescription opioid−only users.
‡Heroin-only users ≠ heroin-and-prescription-opioid users.
§Prescription-opioid-only users ≠ heroin-and-prescription-opioid users.