Table 1. Frequency Counts of Dependent and Independent Study Variables.

Variables	Coding	Frequency	% of Sample
Dependent variables
Condition keeps from work	No	22,374	93
	Yes	1,490	7
Long-term illness	No	22,182	93
	Yes	1,646	7
Independent
Literacy (0 to 500 scale)	Level 1 (<224)	4,537	20
	Level 2 (225 to 274)	6,249	27
	Level 3 (275 to 324)	8,283	34
	Level 4 (326 to 374)	4,417	18
	Level 5 (375+)	403	2
Race	White	16,875	68
	Black	4,483	18
	Hispanic	1,668	7
	Other	1,636	7
Education	None	130	1
	Elementary	317	1
	Middle school	1,370	7
	Some HS	3,130	15
	GED/HS diploma	14,100	58
	BA/BS	3,220	13
	Postgraduate	1,509	6
Control
How well understand English	Very well	19,376	81
	Well	3,605	15
	Not well	702	3
	Not at all	194	1
Born in U.S.A.	Yes	21,208	89
	No	2,681	11
Unemployed	No	22,047	93
	Yes	1832	7
Family income	<$5,000	4,035	19
	$5,000 to 9,999	3,259	16
	$10,000 to 14,999	2,817	14
	$15,000 to 19,999	2,304	11
	$20,000 to 29,999	3,530	16
	$30,000 to 39,999	2,145	10
	$40,000 to 49,999	1,190	6
	$50,000 to 74,999	1,044	5
	$75,000 to 99,999	273	1
	$100,000+	279	1
Income missing	Yes	5,483	23
Female	Yes	13,673	52
Age (y)	<25	3,538	15
	25 to 34	6,207	23
	35 to 44	5,626	22
	45 to 54	3,616	14
	55 to 64	2,860	11
	65+	2,042	15
Marital status	Married living with spouse	11,825	49
	Other	12,064	51
Food stamps	Yes	2,830	9
Live in MSA	Yes	19,368	77
Census region	1 = Northeast	5,034	21
	2 = Midwest	6,910	24
	3 = South	7,118	34
	4 = West	4,827	21

MSA, metropolitan statistical area; HS, high school.