Table 1.
Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia
| Scientific name, (botanical family) Voucher specimen number | Local name | Part(s) used | Ethnoveterinary use |
| Acer macrophyllum Pursh (Aceraceae) JB043 | Big leaf maple | leaves | bedding |
| Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) JS 041 | yarrow | Aerial parts | Mastitis, wounds, sternal abscess |
| Achlys triphylla (Smith) DC. (Berberidaceae) JS018 | Vanilla leaf | leaves | flies |
| Alchemilla vulgaris L. (Rosaceae) JS011 | Lady's mantle | aerial parts | Retained placenta |
| Allium cepa L. (Alliaceae) not collected | onion | Skins | endoparasites |
| Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) not collected | garlic | minced cloves | Endoparasites, respiratory tonic |
| Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae) not collected | marshmallow | Aerial parts | Diarrhea, scours |
| Anethum graveolens L. (Apiaceae) JS010 | Dill | seed | Diarrhea, scours, milk production |
| Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) not collected | celery | Aerial parts | endoparasites |
| Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae) JB32 | Burdock | root | mastitis |
| Arnica sp. (Asteraceae) JB92 | Wild arnica | Leaves or flowers | wounds |
| Artemisia sp. (Compositae) JS105 | wormwood | leaves | endoparasites |
| Artemisia vulgaris L. (Asteraceae) JS016 | mugwort | plant | Zinc deficiency |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss. purchased product | neem | powder | lice |
| Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceae) JB6 | Oregon grape | roots | wounds |
| Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth (Polypodiaceae) not collected | Deer fern | Aerial parts | Magnesium imbalance |
| Bovista pila Berk. & M. A. Curtis, Bovista plumbea Pers. (Lycoperdaceae) JB1 | puffball | Spore mass | Disbudding, cuts, wounds, sternal abscess |
| Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) JB84 | calendula | Flower oil | Cuts, scratches, diarrhea, sore stomachs |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. (Brassicaceae) not collected | shepherd's purse | leaves | wounds |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) purchased product | cinnamon | Inner bark | Diarrhea, scours |
| Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) purchased product | turmeric | rhizome | Caprine arthritis encephalitis palliative, proud flesh |
| Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle (Poaceae) purchased product | citronella | oil | flies |
| Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae) not collected | carrots | Roots & tops | endoparasites |
| Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Asteraceae) JBCL 07 | Echinacea | root | abscess, Pre-show protection, wounds, respiratory tonic |
| Epilobium augustifolium L. (Onagraceae) not collected | fireweed | Fresh or dry plant | Appetite stimulant |
| Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb (Myrtaceae) purchased product | cloves | Essential oil | flies |
| Euphrasia officinalis agg. (Scrophulariaceae) purchased product | eyebright | Aerial parts | Eye problems |
| Galium aparine L. (Rubiaceae) JB3 | cleavers | Aerial parts | mastitis |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh. (Ericaceae) JS014 | salal | Aerial parts | Rumen tonic, ketosis |
| Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) not collected | English ivy | leaves | Retained placenta |
| Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae) purchased product | sunflower | seeds | endoparasites |
| Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) JS027 | St. John's Wort | Infused oil of flowers | Proud flesh, wounds |
| Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) | juniper | branches | Endoparasites, liver fluke |
| Lavandula officinalis L. (Labiatae) | lavender | Essential oil | Flies, proud flesh |
| Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt (Berberidaceae) JS104 | Oregon grape | Root decoction | Abscess, Respiratory tonic |
| Malva sylvestris (Malvaceae) JS002 | mallow | plant | wounds |
| Matricaria chamomilla L. (Compositae) JB43 | chamomile | flower | eye problems |
| Medicago sativa L. (Leguminosae) purchased product | alfalfa | Pellets from high-selenium regions, aerial parts | Selenium deficiency, nutrition after calving |
| Melaleuca alternifolia L. (Myrtaceae) purchased product | Tea tree oil | drops | endoparasites |
| Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) JS024 | peppermint | Essential oil | flies |
| Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) | pennyroyal | Aerial parts | Flies, lice |
| Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiaceae) not collected | catnip | Aerial parts | Pain killer |
| Pastinaca sativa L. (Apiaceae) not collected | parsnip | tops | endoparasites |
| Petroselinum crispum L. (Apiaceae) not collected | parsley | Aerial parts | endoparasites |
| Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson (Pinaceae) JB98 | long needle yellow pine | branches | Diarrhea grey pasty young animals, endoparasites |
| Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) JS042 | plantain | leaves | diarrhea |
| Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. (Polypodiaceae) JS047 | Sword fern | Aerial parts | Stimulate digestion |
| Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae not collected | purslane | shoot | Zinc deficiency |
| Potentilla rectaL. (Rosaceae) JB93 | cinquefoil | Aerial parts | Appetite stimulant, diarrhea, scours |
| Prunella vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) JS111 | self heal | plant | wounds |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Pinaceae) JS049 | Douglas fir | Top branches | Appetite stimulant, coccidiosis, endoparasites |
| Quercus alba L. (Fagaceae) not collected | White oak | shoot | Zinc deficiency |
| Rubus sp. (Rosaceae) not collected | thornless raspberry | leaves | Milk production |
| Rubus ursinus L. JS115 and Rubus laciniatus Willd. (Rosaceae) | blackberry | leaves | Unknown illness |
| Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) not collected | rue | leaves | flies |
| Salix alba L. var. sericea Gaudin (Salicaceae) not collected | White willow | bark | Diarrhea, scours, mastitis, pain, unknown illness |
| Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook, Salix lucida Muhl. ssp. lasiandra (Benth.) E. Murr. (Salicaceae) JS101 | Scoulers willow, Pacific willow | Branches | Caprine arthritis encephalitis palliative |
| Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) JS035 | Garden sage | leaves | Drying off |
| Senna sp. (Fabaceae) purchased product | senna | pod | Diarrhea, scours |
| Symphoricarpos albusvar. laevigatus (Caprifoliaceae) JS103 | snowberry | branches | endoparasites |
| Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) JBCL 08 | comfrey | Leaves fresh/dry | Abscess, wounds, diarrhea, flystrike, proudflesh |
| Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) JBCL 08 | comfrey | Aerial parts | Increase butterfat; laxative, ketosis, udder edema |
| Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry. (Myrtaceae) purchased product | cloves | bud | coccidia |
| Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber (Asteraceae) JB96 | dandelions | leaves | Udder edema |
| Teucrium scorodonia L. (Labiatae) not collected | woodsage | Tincture | mastitis |
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don (Cupressaceae) JBR 21 | cedar | Bark shavings | lice |
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don (Cupressaceae) JS036 | Red cedar | branches | Copper deficiency, endoparasites |
| Ulmus fulva Michx. (Ulmaceae) purchased product | Slippery elm | Bark powder | Blood in stool |
| Ulmus fulva Michx. (Ulmaceae) purchased product | Slippery elm | Inner bark | Diarrhea, scours |
| Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) JS023 | nettle | Ground seeds | endoparasites |
| Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) JS023 | nettles | Aerial parts | Pre-show protection, zinc deficiency, diarrhea |
| Usnea longissima Ach. (Parmeliaceae) JB2a | usnea | Aerial parts | Dehorning adults, foot rot, sternal abscess |
| Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. (Ericaceae) JS045 | huckleberry | plant | ketosis |
| Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae) JS008 | valerian | roots | Pain killer |
| Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) JS118 | mullein | flower | Respiratory tonic |
| Vitis sp. (Vitaceae) not collected | grape | leaves | Unknown illness |
| Zea mays L. (Poaceae) not collected | cornsilk | Silk (style, stigma) | Udder edema |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) purchased product | ginger | rhizome | Diarrhea, scours |