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Light microscopy of zones of twitching motility by slide-culture assay. The strains were inoculated onto slide cultures and typical colony expansion zones were obtained at the interstitial surface between glass cover slip and medium after 3–5 h incubation at 37°C. Strains: WT, PAO1; Δppk, PAOM5; ΔpilA, PAO-NP; and Δppk (PPK+++), PAOM5-harboring plasmid pHEPAK11. The bar is 10 μm and the arrow indicates the radial direction of colony expansion.
