Table 1.
Proportion of offspring not fathered by the dominant or sole male in each group (% EDP) in 24 mammals when paternity has been assessed using genetic techniques. (The sample includes nine primates, four rodents, six carnivores, one insectivore, two bats and two ungulates. Social breeding system: SM, social monogamy; SP, social polygyny; MM, multi-male. Association patterns: CA, continuously associated; IA, intermittently associated. In four species (Alouatta seniculus, Crocidura russula, Hapalemur griseus and Semnopithecus entellus), separate estimates were available for the different breeding systems. We have included these as separate points in our analysis (figure 1), but including only one estimate of %EDP for the predominant breeding system does not affect the outcome of the analysis.)
| species | social breeding system | association pattern between males and females | %EDP | sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peromyscus californicus | SM | CA | 0 | Ribble (1991) |
| Hypogeomys antimena | SM | IA | 4.2 | Sommer (2003) |
| Marmota marmota | SM | IA | 15.9 | Arnold (1990) and Cohas et al. (2006) |
| Hapalemur griseus | SM | CA | 8.7 | Nievergelt et al. (2002) |
| Cheirogaleus medius | SM | IA | 43.8 | Fietz et al. (2000) |
| Crocidura russula | SM | IA | 0 | Bouteiller & Perrin (2000) |
| Madoqua kirkii | SM | CA | 0 | Brotherton et al. (1997) |
| Urocyon littoralis | SM | IA | 25.0 | Roemer et al. (2001) |
| Lycaon pictus | SM | CA | 10.3 | Girman et al. (1997) |
| Suricata suricatta | SM | CA | 17.0 | Griffin et al. (2003) |
| Helogale parvula | SM | CA | 24.0 | Keane et al. (1994) |
| Hapalemur griseus | SP | CA | 7.1 | Nievergelt et al. (2002) |
| Alouatta seniculus | SP | CA | 0 | Pope (1990) |
| Semnopithecus entellus | SP | CA | 0 | Launhardt et al. (2001) |
| Crocidura russula | SP | IA | 0 | Bouteiller & Perrin (2000) |
| Mirounga angustirostris | SP | IA | 60.0 | Hoelzel et al. (1999) |
| Mirounga leonina | SP | IA | 42.0 | Hoelzel et al. (1999) |
| Artibeus jamaicensis | SP | IA | 45.0 | Ortega et al. (2003) |
| Saccopteryx bilineata | SP | IA | 69.9 | Heckel & von Helversen (2003) |
| Cervus elaphus | SP | IA | 37.8 | Pemberton et al. (unpublished data) |
| Cryptomys hottentotus | MM | — | 44.9 | Bishop et al. (2004) |
| Semnopithecus entellus | MM | — | 43.0 | Launhardt et al. (2001) |
| Alouatta seniculus | MM | — | 7.1 | Pope (1990) |
| Macaca fascicularis | MM | — | 28.9 | de Ruiter et al. (1994) |
| Macaca mulatta | MM | — | 86.7 | Berard et al. (1994) |
| Mandrillus sphinx | MM | — | 26.7 | Wickings et al. (1993) |
| Gorilla beringei beringei | MM | — | 15.0 | Bradley et al. (2005) |
| Eulemur fulvus rufus | MM | — | 33.3 | Wimmer & Kappeler (2002) |