Table 4.

The regulatory proclivity of common metabolites and regulators in E. coli. .

Rank	Compound	Reaction ECs	Regulated ECs	Ratio
1	NAD+	116	19	0.16
2	NADPH	82	20	0.24
3	NADH	110	28	0.25
4	NADP+	83	22	0.27
5	L-Glutamate	44	12	0.27
6	Acetyl-CoA	33	11	0.33
7	CoA	48	19	0.40
8	ATP	176	70	0.40
9	Pyrophosphate	94	38	0.40
10	Orthophosphate	119	53	0.45
11	ADP	119	70	0.59
12	Pyruvate	42	25	0.60
13	2-Oxoglutarate	22	18	0.82
14	AMP	53	55	1.04
15	UTP	13	22	1.69
16	GTP	20	35	1.75
17	CTP	11	24	2.18
18	L-Cysteine	10	26	2.60
19	Glutathione	9	29	3.22
20	Spermidine	4	22	5.50
21	D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate	3	20	6.67
22	Adenosine	3	21	7.00
23	Urea	1	20	20.00
24	Mercaptoethanol	1	40	40.00

Compounds that are either regulated or are involved in more than 20 reactions in E. coli are shown. Small molecules (<4 non-hydrogen atoms) are excluded)