Table 3d.

Risk factors that are absolute contraindications to cervical exercise

Risk factor (occurs or has its effect in the neck unless otherwise noted)

Adapted from reference #

With ROM exercise – inflammation resulting from motion With resistance exercise (static/dynamic, weight-bearing/non-weight-bearing, manual/non-manual not differentiated [see original text]) – unstable joint involved in movement – unhealed fracture proximal to exercise site With Aquatic exercise – incipient cardiac failure, unstable angina, respiratory vital capacity less than 1 liter, server peripheral vascular disease, danger of bleeding or hemorrhage, severe kidney disease, larger open wounds (e.g., colostomy), skin infection (e.g., ringworm), incontinence, water or air vector infectious disease (e.g., influenza, poliomyelitis), uncontrolled seizures

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