Figure 1.
ES dispersal rates for female offspring as a function of the probability to survive dispersal for a species with two age classes. Survival rate of individuals aged 1–3 years: s1 = 0.53; survival rate of individuals aged 4 years and more: s2 = 0.32; frequency of individuals aged 1–3 years in the population: P = (1 − s2)/(1 − s1 + s2). d1, the dispersal rate of individuals issued from mothers aged 1–3 years; d2, the dispersal rate of individuals issued from mothers aged 4 years and more; d, the average dispersal rate in the population; M, mother control of dispersal; O, offspring control of dispersal (complete dispersal for male offspring).