Table 2.

General linear models with residual midpoint of elevational occurrence (RMIDEL; ref. 14) and male body mass (MALEM; ref. 14) as independent variables and genetic distance from outgroup to nonhermit ingroups [average path lengths, based on ΔT_mH-C (Fig. 1)] as dependent variable

Outgroup Source	df	Type III sum of squares	Mean square	F value	P > F
Swift
Chaetura pelagica
RMIDEL	1	0.000338	0.000338	7.22	0.0138*
MALEM	1	0.001108	0.001108	23.61	0.0001
Error	21	0.000985	0.000047
Corrected total	23	0.002550
Hermits
Threnetes ruckeri
RMIDEL	1	0.003456	0.003456	7.44	0.0126
MALEM	1	0.010913	0.010913	23.48	0.0001
Error	21	0.009760	0.000465
Corrected total	23	0.025323
Eutoxeres aquila
RMIDEL	1	0.003998	0.003998	7.43	0.0126
MALEM	1	0.012603	0.012603	23.44	0.0001
Error	21	0.011293	0.000538
Corrected total	23	0.029274

For all models, interaction terms of covariates with lineage membership included in error term. Separate analyses were conducted for each outgroup to maintain independence of the tests, which all are based on the same set of ingroup species. Alternative measures of elevational occurrence (Table 1) and body mass (female, species average; ref. 14) gave the same qualitative results. All data are log_e-transformed. 

^*Analyses were performed in sas for unix on a SPARC station 20. All P were less than 0.05 after Bonferroni correction for n = 3 simultaneous comparisons.