Table 1.

Psychological Resources and Perceived Stress by Race, Gender, Parental Education

		Optimism			Engagement Coping			Disengagement Coping			Perceived Stress
	N	Mean	S.D.	P	Mean	S.D.	P	Mean	S.D.	P	Mean	S.D.	P
Overall	1167	19.1	3.9	-	50.0	10.0		50.0	10.0	-	24.8	7.2	-
Race
White	635	19.3	4.0	<0.05	48.2	9.9	<0.0001	47.7	9.5	<0.0001	24.4	7.6	<0.05
Black	532	18.9	3.7		52.2	9.7		52.7	9.9		25.4	6.6
Gender
Male	583	19.0	3.7	NS	49.4	9.9	<0.05	50.2	10.3	NS	23.8	6.6	<0.0001
Female	584	19.3	4.1		50.6	10.1		49.8	9.7		26.1	7.5
Parental Education
HS graduate or less	262	18.4	3.4	<0.001	49.6	10.0	NS	50.8	10.1	<0.05	26.3	6.0	<0.0001
> high school, <college	331	18.7	3.6		50.1	9.3		50.2	9.9		25.1	6.7
College graduate	320	19.2	4.1		50.7	10.8		50.3	9.9		24.7	7.4
Professional degree	254	20.3	4.2		49.5	10.0		48.4	10.0		23.0	7.9

HS=high school; SD=standard deviation

Post-hoc tests for the ANOVA of optimism by parent education indicated that the significant differences lay between the following categories: professional degree and college graduate; professional degree and > high school, <college; professional degree and HS grad or less; and college graduate and HS grad or less.

Post-hoc tests for the ANOVA of disengagement coping by parent education indicated that the significant differences lay between the professional degree and the remaining three groups.

Post-hoc tests for the ANOVA of perceived stress by parent education indicated that the significant differences lay between the professional degree and the remaining three groups, as well as college grad and HS grad or less.