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Expression analysis of components of TGF-β (A) and BMP2/4 (B) signaling pathways in mMSCs derived from adult (6-month) and old (20-month) mice. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed as described in Experimental procedures. Values were normalized to the expression of GAPDH, and expression in mMSC from old mice is presented as fold increase or decrease of that in adult animals. Error bars indicate SD. *P < 0.001.
