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Hypothetical Model of Multiple Pathways of Penile Carcinogenesis
| Etiologic factor | Cancer precursor | Cancer | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (?) and/or HPV | ➞ | (?) | ➞ | Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma ∼30% HPV+ |
| (?) and/or HPV | ➞ | (?) | ➞ | Verrucous carcinoma ∼30% HPV+ |
| HPV and (?) | ➞ | Penile dysplasia = penile intraepithelial neoplasia | ➞ | Basaloid carcinoma and warty carcinoma 80–100% HPV+ |
