NAC treatment inhibits PKCε and PKCε-dependent downstream signals in HCs. HCs from two HCL cases were incubated in the presence or absence of 25 mmol/L NAC for 1 hour. A: PKCε immunoprecipitated from these lysates was subjected to in vitro kinase assay. B: Whole-cell lysates of these HCs were also analyzed by Western blot for the presence of phosphorylated Src, Vav, and ERK. C: Rac1 pulldown from HC lysates from these two cases. The isolated proteins were immunoblotted with anti-Rac1 antibodies and compared with the total Rac1 in the whole-cell lysates. The figure shows that NAC inhibited PKCε activity as well as those of Src, Vav, ERK, and Rac1.