Extrafascicular retrograde regeneration (ERR) in rat sciatic nerve 28 weeks after transection and repair. A) At the suture line, ERR axons were evident as GAP-43 immunopositive axons extending outside the original nerve sheath (arrowheads). After exiting the nerve proper, ERR axons formed discrete clusters or minifascicles (arrows). B) Three mm proximal to the suture line, ERR was evident as neurofilament-immunopositive axons that formed an appendage of minifascicles (arrowhead) that ran anti-parallel to the nerve proper (n). Each minifascicle contained numerous small axons (inset). C) Some ERR minifascicles invaded and appeared to form synapses (inset) in adjacent muscle (m). Scale bars: A, 50 μm; B and C, 100 μm (insets: 4x).