Table 2.

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for the 68 participants

Definition	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	59.2 (10.2)
Body mass index	24.0 (3.2)
Gender
% Male	37
Religion
% Buddhist	56
% Christian	10
Marital states
% Married	82
% Divorced/Widowed/Separated	15
Education
% Junior high or below	41
% University or above	34
Pain in visual analogue scale	38.7 (21.5)
WOMAC Scoresa
Pain	22.2 (19.2)
Stiffness	28.1 (24.9)
Physical functioning	22.6 (18.0)
Flaccidity of the lower back and knees
% Mild	54
% Moderate	32
% Severe	13
Aversion to cold
% Mild	73
% Moderate	12
% Severe	15
WHOQOL-BREF Scoresb
Physiological domain	12.9 (2.4)
Psychological domain	13.0 (2.2)
Social domain	13.5 (1.9)
Environment domain	13.5 (1.7)

^a WOMAC refers to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.

^b WHOQOL – BREF refers to the World Health Organization Quality of Life – brief version.