Table 4.
Analyses of variance of effects on student scores on exam questions
| Effects by course group | F statistic | df | Probabilitya |
|---|---|---|---|
| All courses | |||
| Course | 4.15 | 5, 635 | 0.001* |
| Exam | 0.04 | 2, 635 | 0.957 |
| Clickers | 8.10 | 2, 635 | <0.001* |
| Clickers × course | 0.54 | 10, 635 | 0.866 |
| Clickers × exam | 0.15 | 4, 635 | 0.965 |
| Linear contrast of clickers | 14.92 | 1, 635 | <0.001* |
| Quadratic contrast of clickers | 2.05 | 1, 635 | 0.153 |
| Lower-division courses | |||
| Course | 6.96 | 3, 428 | <0.001* |
| Exam | 0.11 | 2, 428 | 0.898 |
| Clickers | 5.56 | 2, 428 | 0.004* |
| Clickers × course | 0.76 | 6, 428 | 0.599 |
| Clickers × exam | 0.16 | 4, 428 | 0.957 |
| Linear contrast of clickers | 8.77 | 1, 428 | 0.003* |
| Quadratic contrast of clickers | 3.14 | 1, 428 | 0.077 |
| Upper-division courses | |||
| Course | 0.33 | 1, 201 | 0.566 |
| Exam | 0.05 | 2, 201 | 0.956 |
| Clickers | 2.91 | 2, 201 | 0.057i |
| Clickers × course | 0.29 | 2, 201 | 0.748 |
| Clickers × exam | 0.61 | 4, 201 | 0.659 |
| Linear contrast of clickers | 5.78 | 1, 201 | 0.017* |
| Quadratic contrast of clickers | <0.001 | 1, 201 | 0.985 |
a All significant effects are indicated with an asterisk. The test of the main effect of clickers in upper-division courses is inconclusive (i); remaining effects are insignificant (α = 0.05).