TABLE 2—
CES-D Depression Scores at Follow-Up (n = 1169) and Comparisons Stratified by Baseline Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Variables: Maastricht Aging Study
| No. | Mean Depression Scorea (SD) | Depressedb (n = 164), Mean (SD) or % | Nondepressed (n = 1005), Mean (SD) or %c | |
| Age, y | 50.8 (14.5) | 48.6 (14.7)* | ||
| 24–44 | 490 | 6.9 (6.5)*** | 12.4 | 87.6 |
| 45–64 | 476 | 8.4 (6.9) | 14.7 | 85.3 |
| 65–81 | 203 | 8.9 (6.0) | 16.3 | 83.7 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 612 | 7.0 (5.7)*** | 9.2 | 90.8*** |
| Female | 557 | 8.9 (7.3) | 19.4 | 80.6 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/living together | 951 | 7.9 (6.7) | 13.9 | 85.7 |
| Not married/no longer married | 160 | 7.6 (6.1) | 14.4 | 85.6 |
| Widowed | 58 | 8.6 (6.0) | 15.5 | 84.5 |
| Education level | ||||
| Highd | 337 | 6.8 (6.1)*** | 11.3 | 88.7** |
| Intermediate | 398 | 7.5 (6.4) | 10.8 | 89.2 |
| Low | 434 | 9.1 (7.0) | 19.1 | 80.9 |
| IADL status | ||||
| Not impaired | 1082 | 7.6 (6.4)*** | 12.8 | 87.2*** |
| Impaired | 87 | 11.3 (7.8) | 28.7 | 71.3 |
| No. of chronic diseases | 1.5 (1.5) | 1.2 (1.3)* | ||
| None | 390 | 6.8 (6.6)*** | 11.5 | 88.5* |
| 1 | 396 | 7.8 (6.3) | 12.9 | 87.1 |
| 2 or more | 383 | 9.0 (6.7) | 17.8 | 82.2 |
| Smoking behavior | ||||
| Never smoked | 409 | 7.4 (6.1) | 12.0 | 88.0 |
| Formerly smoked | 448 | 8.1 (6.6) | 14.3 | 85.7 |
| Currently smokes | 312 | 8.2 (7.2) | 16.3 | 83.7 |
| Average daily alcohol intake | ||||
| None | 161 | 8.8 (7.7) | 18.0 | 82.0 |
| Up to 2 alcoholic drinks | 928 | 7.7 (6.4) | 13.1 | 86.9 |
| 3 or more alcoholic drinks | 80 | 7.7 (6.4) | 16.2 | 83.8 |
| Mean no. of alcoholic drinks per week (SD) | 6.1 (10.6) | 6.0 (9.3) | ||
| Average amount of time spent daily on physical exercise | ||||
| More than 30 min | 259 | 6.5 (5.4)*** | 7.7 | 92.3** |
| Up to 30 min | 332 | 7.9 (6.3) | 14.5 | 85.5 |
| None | 578 | 8.5 (7.2) | 16.6 | 83.4 |
| Mean no. of minutes of physical exercise per day (SD) | 12.3 (24.3) | 19.2 (29.0)** | ||
| Overweight | ||||
| No | 784 | 7.5 (6.4)** | 13.1 | 86.9 |
| Yes | 385 | 8.6 (7.0) | 15.8 | 84.2 |
| Mean body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 26.4 (4.1) | 26.5 (4.1) | ||
Note. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; IADL = instrumental activity of daily living. Continuous variables were assessed via t tests and univariate analyses of variance; categorical variables were assessed via χ2 analyses.
aSignificance values refer to subcategory comparisons.
bCES-D score of 16 or above.
cSignificance values refer to differences between depressed and nondepressed participants.
dEducational level was categorized as low (primary education at most), intermediate (junior vocational training), or high (senior vocational or academic training).
* P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.