Figure 5.

Illustration of the global Granger-causal Markov property. (a) Multivariate path diagram G_{1,2,3,4} of complete series X_{1,2,3,4} of the system in (3.1). (b) Graphical representation of those relations with respect to the subseries X_{1,2,3} that are encoded in G_{1,2,3,4}. (c) True multivariate path diagram G_{1,2,3} of X_{1,2,3} depicting all relations with respect to the subseries X_{1,2,3} that hold for X_{1,2,3}. (d) Bivariate path diagram of X_{1,2,3} depicting the bivariate relations among components X₁, X₂ and X₃.