Schematic of interacting sub-populations and terms used to estimate the coupling. The rate of change of density in μ2 over time, , depends on μ1 owing to coupling. The density in population 1 leads to a firing rate, y1, which modulates the synaptic channel-opening rate of population 2, parametrized by θ2, which in turn modulates . The coefficient of coupling is calculated using the chain rule.