TABLE 1.

Notation used

P, μ, Am, Av	Phenotype, mean, breeding values for mean and environmental variance
χ, MS	Standard normal deviate, Mendelian sampling term
, , , C	Genetic variance in mean and environmental variance, genetic correlation between and , genetic variance–covariance matrix
,	Mean environmental and phenotypic variances
, ,	Mean P, P2, and P3 of selected animals
, , , n	Mean phenotype of relatives, mean phenotype squared, mean squared phenotype of relatives, number of relatives
,	Within-family variance, log-transformed within-family variance
,	Additive genetic relationships between animal j and the group of relatives and between animals within the group of relatives
a, x	Vectors of breeding values and and of phenotypic information
P, G, ,	Variance–covariance matrix of x, covariance matrix between x and a, vectors with
, , L	P- and G-matrices with , scalar matrix
B, ,	Matrix with regression coefficients, vectors with
i, x, p, z	Selection intensity, truncation point, selected proportion, ordinate of standard normal distribution
, ,	Response in and , accuracy of
, ,	Heritability of mean and environmental variance, evolvability of environmental variance
, ,	Environmental variance, breeding value for environmental variance, and genetic variance in environmental variance for the exponential genetic model