Role of hairpin stem length and hairpin loop sequence on mini-vRNAP promoter binding, determined by SC using SPR. (A) Effect of promoter hairpin stem length on mini-vRNAP promoter binding. 3′ P2–3 is P2(AGG)-3. (B) Mobility of 5′ end-labeled 5-IdU-substituted DNA at −12, −11, −10, +1, or + 3 in 6 M urea/8% polyacrylamide gel. Mobilities of the +1- and +3-substituted DNA oligonucleotides correspond to that of unsubstituted P2–3 DNA. (C) Effect of promoter hairpin loop sequence, shown in parentheses, on mini-vRNAP binding. Kd values were obtained by SC using SPR.