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Hfq affects long-term adaptation of σ32 to GroEL. GroEL was overexpressed from an arabinose inducible promoter at time = 0 in both hfq+ (CAG48402) and hfq mutant (CAG48403) cells during exponential growth in LB medium. The σ32 activity was assayed by using a PhtpG-lacZ reporter at 2 and 24 h postinduction. The β- galactosidase activity was measured in Miller units and then normalized to the activity at time = 0. Error bars represent one standard deviation.
