YdcQ downregulates Cpx in a CpxR-independent manner. LacZ activity of strains carrying the Cpx-regulated fusion cpxR′-lacZ+. Individually, the ydcQ::kan (ydcQ) and cpxR::spec (cpxR) alleles reduce the expression of cpxR with respect to wild type (wt). Together, both mutations reduce cpxR expression even further, demonstrating that they act in different pathways. Relative LacZ activities are shown where 100% corresponds to the LacZ activity of the wild-type strain carrying each fusion. Shown is an experiment representative of at least three independent experiments. From left to right, strains used were NR986, NR987, NR989, and NR990.