Table 4 Association of psychological factors with persisting symptoms and disability after 3 months in patients with low‐back pain (n = 164).

	Persisting symptoms		<30% reduction in disability
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Pain catastrophising (v<20 points)
Crude 20–40	1.89	(0.89 to 3.98)	2.81	(0.84 to 9.40)
>40	2.41	(1.09 to 5.36)	4.88	(1.47 to 16.21)
Adjusted 20–40	2.00*	(0.93 to 4.30)	2.27†	(0.66 to 7.79)
>40	2.45*	(1.09 to 5.51)	3.31†	(0.93 to 11.85)
Distress (v<15 points)
Crude 5–35	0.90	(0.42 to 1.94)	1.40	(0.42 to 4.72)
>35	2.02	(0.94 to 4.34)	3.94	(1.33 to 11.71)
Adjusted 15–35	0.80*	(0.37 to 1.76)	1.51†	(0.44 to 5.16)
>35	1.86*	(0.86 to 4.05)	2.99†	(0.97 to 9.23)
Somatisation (v<15 points)
Crude 5–30	0.66	(0.29 to 1.48)	0.56	(0.16 to 1.99)
>30	2.30	(0.98 to 5.38)	2.77	(0.92 to 8.37)
Adjusted 15–30	0.63*	(0.27 to 1.43)	0.56†	(0.15 to 2.00)
>30	2.14*	(0.90 to 5.08)	2.45†	(0.79 to 7.60)
Fear‐avoidance beliefs (v<50 points)
Crude 0–75	1.29*	(0.61 to 2.71)	0.84†	(0.28 to 2.50)
>75	1.56*	(0.71 to 3.46)	2.17†	(0.78 to 6.02)
Adjusted 50–75	1.45*	(0.67 to 3.14)	0.77†	(0.25 to 2.34)
>75	1.58*	(0.70 to 3.53)	1.73†	(0.60 to 4.99)

*Adjusted for previous episodes of low back pain;

†Adjusted for baseline pain intensity.