Table 3 Relative risk and 95% confidence interval of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with individual non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.
| Individual NSAID* | Cases (n = 2777) | Controls (n = 5532) | Age‐adjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted condition RR (95% CI)† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐use | 2017 | 4693 | Reference | Reference |
| Ibuprofen | 174 | 162 | 2.5 (2.0 to 3.1) | 4.1 (3.1 to 5.3) |
| Diclofenac | 126 | 140 | 2.1 (1.6 to 2.7) | 3.1 (2.3 to 4.2) |
| Aceclofenac | 31 | 52 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.2) | 2.6 (1.5 to 4.6) |
| Naproxen | 80 | 46 | 4.0 (2.8 to 5.8) | 7.3 (4.7 to 11.4) |
| Piroxicam | 98 | 32 | 7.2 (4.8 to 10.7) | 12.6 (7.8 to –20.3) |
| Indomethacin | 20 | 14 | 3.3 (1.7 to 6.6) | 9.0 (3.9 to 20.7) |
| Meloxicam | 20 | 13 | 3.6 (1.8 to 7.2) | 9.8 (4.0 to 23.8) |
| Ketorolac | 24 | 7 | 8.0 (3.4 to 18.5) | 14.4 (5.2 to 39.9) |
| Lornoxicam | 9 | 6 | 3.5 (1.2 to 9.8) | 7.7 (2.4 to 24.4) |
| Ketoprofen | 14 | 5 | 6.5 (2.3 to 18.2) | 8.6 (2.5 to 29.2) |
| Other NSAIDs | 17 | 6 | 6.7 (2.6 to 16.9) | 13.8 (4.2 to 44.8) |
*Estimates of relative risk were calculated for individual NSAID drugs with five or more exposed controls. Other NSAIDs include flurbiprofin, meclofenamate, morniflumateniflumic acid, nimesulide and tenoxicam.
†Adjusted for age, sex, calendar semester, ulcer history, nitrates, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, acid‐suppressing drugs, coxib and aspirin use.