Table 6 Relative risk and 95% confidence interval of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with concurrent use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and low‐dose aspirin, as well as coxibs and low‐dose aspirin.

	Cases (n = 2777)	Controls (n = 5532)	Age adjusted RR (95% CI)	Adjusted condition RR (95% CI)*
NSAID and low‐dose aspirin interaction†
Non‐use	1706	4321	Reference	Reference
NSAID only	558	456	3.3 (2.8 to 3.7)	5.3 (4.4 to 6.3)
Low‐dose aspirin only	317	356	2.6 (2.2 to 3.1)	3.9 (3.1 to 4.9)
NSAID and low‐dose aspirin	55	27	6.1 (3.8 to 9.7)	12.7 (7.0 to 23.0)
Coxib and low‐dose aspirin interaction
Non‐use	2356	5020	Reference	Reference
Coxib only	28	63	1.0 (0.6 to 1.5)	1.0 (0.5 to 1.8)
Low‐dose aspirin only	366	379	2.3 (2.0 to 2.7)	3.6 (2.9 to 4.5)
Coxib and low‐dose aspirin	6	4	3.7 (1.0 to 13.1)	14.5 (3.3 to 63.9)

NSAIDs, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.

*Adjusted for age, sex, calendar semester, ulcer history, nitrates, anticoagulants, antiplatelets and acid‐suppressing drugs.

†Categorised only among NSAID current single users.