| Lin2 (1999/Taiwan) |
|
NA |
|
Aged 6–18 years schoolchildren (n = 11 178) |
|
⩽−0.25D |
cycloplegic autorefraction |
|
12% at age 6 years, increasing to 56% at age 12 years and 84% in teenagers aged 16–18 years |
| Murthy7 (2002/India) |
|
Refractive Error Study in Children (RESC) |
|
Aged 5–15 years in urban New Delhi (n = 6447) |
|
⩽−0.5D |
cycloplegic autorefraction |
|
7.4% of all children |
| Zadnik5 (1998/USA); |
|
Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia (OLSM) |
|
Aged 6–14 years (n = 994) |
|
⩽−0.75D |
cycloplegic autorefraction |
|
⩽ 5% before age of 9 years, 21.3% at the age of 14 years |
| Kleinstein6 (2003/USA) |
|
Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study (CLEERE), multicentre study |
|
Aged 5–17 years children (534 African‐American, 491 Asian, 463 Hispanic, and 1035 white) (n = 2523) |
|
⩽−0.75D |
cycloplegic autorefraction |
|
9.2% of all children; Asians (18.5%), Hispanics (13.2%), African Americans (6.5%) Caucasians (4.4%). |
| Lithander16 (1999/Oman) |
|
NA |
|
Aged 6–12 years schoolchildren(n = 6292) |
|
⩽−1.0D |
Cycloplegic retinoscopy |
|
0.56% in 6 years old, 5.16% in 12 years old |
