TABLE 1.
Summary of pain models with glial/cytokine involvement
| A. Glial activation spinal cord (microglia and/or astroglia): Pain models associated with upregulation of spinal cord microglial and/or astrocyte activation markers: |
|---|
| Complete Freund’s adjuvant, subcutaneous |
| Formalin, subcutaneous |
| Phospholipase A2, subcutaneous |
| Zymosan, subcutaneous |
| Sciatic nerve injury (chronic constriction injury) |
| Partial sciatic nerve ligation |
| Sciatic nerve inflammation with zymosan |
| Sciatic nerve inflammation with HIV-1 gp120 |
| Sciatic nerve inflammation with phospholipase A2 |
| Spinal nerve transection |
| Spinal nerve root injury |
| Spinal cord injury |
| Bone cancer |
| HIV-1 gp120, intrathecal |
| Chronic opioids; opioid withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia |
| B. Prevention or reversal of pain by inhibition of spinal glial activation or proinflammatory cytokine actions: | |
|---|---|
| Model | Intervention |
| Carrageenan, subcutaneous | minocycline, IL-1 knockout |
| Complete Freund’s adjuvant, subcutaneous | IL-1ra, IL-1 knockout |
| Formalin, subcutaneous | fluorocitrate, IL-1ra, minocycline; |
| IL-1 knockout | |
| Phospholipase A2, subcutaneous | fluorocitrate, IL-1ra, sTNFR |
| Zymosan, subcutaneous | fluorocitrate; |
| Sciatic nerve injury (chronic constriction injury) | IL-1ra, IL-10; IL-1 knockout |
| Sciatic nerve inflammation with zymosan | fluorocitrate, minocycline |
| IL-1ra, sTNFR, IL-6 antibody | |
| Sciatic nerve inflammation with phospholipase A2 | IL-1ra, anti-IL-6 , IL-10 |
| Sciatic nerve tetanic stimulation | fluorocitrate |
| Spinal nerve transection | propentofylline, minocycline, |
| IL-1ra, sTNFR, anti-IL-6, | |
| Spinal nerve root injury | methotrexate; IL-1 knockout |
| Spinal cord injury | IL-10, IL-1ra, minocycline |
| HIV-1 gp120, intrathecal | fluorocitrate, IL-1ra, sTNFR, |
| minocycline | |
| Dynorphin, intrathecal | IL-1ra, IL-10 |
| Fractalkine, intrathecal | minocycline, IL-1ra, anti-IL-6 |
Abbreviations: IL-1ra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; sTNFR, soluble TNF receptor; IL-10, interleukin-10.
Modified and updated from Ledeboer et al. (Ledeboer et al., 2006).
For complete references, see (Hains and Waxman, 2006; Honore et al., 2006; Ledeboer et al., 2006; Obata et al., 2006; Watkins et al., 2005)