Table 2 Median values for non‐ophthalmic parameters at the various retinopathy levels.
| Total | Retinopathy grading | p Value* | p Value† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4a | 4b | ||||
| Type 1 diabetes | |||||||||
| n | 656 | 303 | 136 | 161 | 19 | 5 | 32 | ||
| Age at entry (years) | 37.3 (29.9 – 48.5) | 33.2 | 42.8 | 41.2 | 39.6 | 38.8 | 42.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 17.6 (9.9 – 26.2) | 11.2 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 18.1 | 23.1 | 27.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 19.0 (12.0 – 28.0) | 20.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 21.0 | 15.0 | 11.0 | 0.004 | 0.068 |
| Height (cm) | 172.0 (167.0 – 179.0) | 172.0 | 172.0 | 173.0 | 172.0 | 175.0 | 172.0 | 0.952 | 0.660 |
| Weight (kg) | 72.0 (64.0 – 82.0) | 72.0 | 72.0 | 73.0 | 70.0 | 75.0 | 69.0 | 0.661 | 0.270 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (22.1 – 26.6) | 23.9 | 24.5 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 27.8 | 23.7 | 0.522 | 0.222 |
| HbA1c (%)† | 8.3 (7.6 – 9.2) | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 9.4 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg)* | 80.0 (70.0 – 85.0) | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 78.0 | 0.005 | 0 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg)‡ | 130.0 (120.0 – 140.0) | 125.0 | 130.0 | 133.0 | 135.0 | 140.0 | 140.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 9.1 | 4.6 | 11.0 | 14.9 | 5.3 | 40.0 | 12.5 | 0.001 | 0 |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| n | 328 | 201 | 41 | 71 | 12 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Age at entry (years) | 58.1 (15.0 – 65.0) | 56.2 | 59.8 | 64.3 | 58.4 | 43.8 | 49.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.0 (11.0 – 14.3) | 5.0 | 10.1 | 15.1 | 15.3 | 6.8 | 16.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 48.0 (16.0 – 56.0) | 50.0 | 48.0 | 47.0 | 47.0 | 37.0 | 33.0 | 0.659 | 0.442 |
| Height (cm) | 171.0 (14.0 – 178.0) | 170.0 | 171.0 | 171.0 | 177.5 | 177.0 | 164.5 | 0.037 | 0.036 |
| Weight (kg) | 88.0 (28.0 – 101.8) | 87.0 | 90.0 | 93.0 | 98.5 | 106.0 | 67.0 | 0.022 | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (8.3 – 33.7) | 29.3 | 29.8 | 30.4 | 30.4 | 33.8 | 24.7 | 0.233 | 0.056 |
| HbA1c (%)‡ | 8.1 (2.3 – 9.2) | 7.8 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 6.8 | 0 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg)§ | 80.0 (15.0 – 90.0) | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 90.0 | 68.5 | 0.005 | 0.070 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg)§ | 140.0 (25.0 – 150.0) | 135.0 | 140.0 | 150.0 | 150.0 | 150.0 | 124.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 18.0 | 10.0 | 17.1 | 36.6 | 50.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Values in parentheses are interquartile ranges.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.
p Values indicate differences between retinopathy levels and possible trends across increasing levels.
*Differences between gradings were tested using Kruskal–Wallis one‐way analysis of variance by ranks, except for neuropathy where Pearson's χ2 statistic was used.
†Trends across increasing grading (excluding 4b) were tested using Jonckheere–Terpstra statistic, except for neuropathy where Mantel–Haenszel linear‐by‐linear association was used.
‡HbA1c was recorded for only 639 people with clinical type 1 diabetes and 321 with clinical type 2 diabetes.
§BP was recorded for only 632 people with clinical type 1 diabetes and 313 with clinical type 2 diabetes.