SOD activity. (A) Variation of the activity with respect to the weighted total, Q, of the charges, qi, contributed by all surface ionizable groups, i, within a radius, ri, from the designed site (Q = Σ qi/rI; qi = ±1). (B) Wild-type SOD reaction mechanism. (C) Rendering of charged residues in the vicinity of the designed sites by the grasp program (40), where blue and red lobes designate residues of positive or negative charge, respectively.