Table 1 Affinity and physiological roles of natural peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulators.
| Modulators | EC50/Ki | Plasma concentration | Sources | Effects in colon through PPARγ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PUFAs41 | ||||
| Omega 3 | ||||
| α‐linolenic acid | ND | 0.27 mM | High fat fish, marine mammals, milk | ND |
| γ‐linolenic acid | ND | High fat fish, marine mammals, milk | ND | |
| Eicosapentanoic acid | ND | 1.01 mM | High fat fish, marine mammals, milk | ND |
| Docohexanoic acid | ND | 3.54 mM | High fat fish, marine mammals, milk | ND |
| Omega 6 | ||||
| Linoleic acid | −/∼10 µM | 21.45 mM | Meats, eggs, milk, vegetable oils | ND |
| Dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid | ND | 3.06 mM | Meats, eggs, milk, vegetable oils | ND |
| Arachidonic acid | ND | 11.36 mM | Meats, eggs, milk, vegetable oils | ND |
| Omega 9 | ||||
| Palmitoleic acid | ND | Rapeseed | ND | |
| Oleic acid | ND | Olive oil | ND | |
| Derivatives | ND | |||
| Conjugated linoleic acid42 | ND | – | Milk, meat, seeds | Yes |
| Nitrolinoleic acid43 | −/133 nM | 500 nM | Endogenous | ND |
| Nitrooleic acid44 | −/100 nM | 619 nM | Endogenous | ND |
| Eicosanoids:41 | ||||
| 8S‐hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid | ND | − | Endogenous | ND |
| 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid | ND | − | Endogenous | ND |
| 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid | ND | − | Endogenous | ND |
| 9‐hydroxyoctodecadienoic acid | ND | − | Endogenous | ND |
| 13‐hydroxyoctodecadienoic acid | ND | − | Endogenous | ND |
| 15dPGJ245 | 1 µM/− | − | Endogenous | Yes |
| Miscellaneous | ||||
| Swietenia mahagony extract46 | 50 µg/l | − | S mahagony | ND |
| Lysophosphatidic acid47 | 2 µM | 5–25 µM | Platelets | ND |
| 9‐tetrahydrocannabinol48 | ND | − | Cannabis sativa | ND |
| Soy isoflavavone49 | ND | − | Soy | ND |
15dPGJ2, 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2; ND, not determined; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids.