Table 2 Associations between upper gastrointestinal disorders and risk of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus, gastric cardia, and gastric non‐cardia, presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Exposure	Controls (n (%))	Oesophageal adenocarcinoma		Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma		Gastric non‐cardia adenocarcinoma
		(n (%))	OR (95% CI)*	(n (%))	OR (95% CI)*	(n (%))	OR (95% CI)*
GOR symptoms
Never	9105 (91.0)	244 (85.0)	1.00 (reference)	164 (84.1)	1.00 (reference)	292 (89.3)	1.00 (reference)
Ever	895 (9.0)	43 (15.0)	1.67 (1.16–2.40)	31 (15.9)	1.51 (0.99–2.30)	35 (10.7)	1.00 (0.69–1.46)
Hiatal hernia
No	9490 (94.9)	256 (89.2)	1.00 (reference)	179 (91.8)	1.00 (reference)	309 (94.5)	1.00 (reference)
Yes	510 (5.1)	31 (10.8)	2.17 (1.44–3.27)	16 (8.2)	1.28 (0.75–2.22)	18 (5.5)	0.89 (0.54–1.47)
Peptic ulcer
No	9373 (93.7)	258 (89.9)	1.00 (reference)	171 (87.7)	1.00 (reference)	280 (85.6)	1.00 (reference)
Gastric ulcer	157 (1.6)	7 (2.4)	1.65 (0.76–3.56)	7 (3.6)	2.47 (1.14–5.38)	16 (4.9)	3.32 (1.95–5.65)
Duodenal ulcer	385 (3.8)	18 (6.3)	1.53 (0.93–2.51)	13 (6.7)	1.72 (0.96–3.06)	24 (7.3)	2.07 (1.34–3.19)
Gastric + duodenal ulcer	9 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	NA	0 (0.0)	NA	5 (1.5)	15.16 (4.97–46.26)
Other peptic ulcer†	76 (0.8)	2 (0.7)	0.90 (0.22–3.72)	3 (1.5)	2.12 (0.66–6.80)	2 (0.6)	0.84 (0.20–3.45)
Dyspepsia
Never	8193 (81.9)	229 (79.8)	1.00 (reference)	136 (69.7)	1.00 (reference)	241 (73.7)	1.00 (reference)
Ever	1807 (18.1)	58 (20.2)	0.90 (0.66–1.24)	59 (30.3)	1.70 (1.22–2.39)	86 (26.3)	1.44 (1.10–1.89)

*OR adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, gastro‐oesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcer, and dyspepsia.

†Includes oesophageal ulcer and unspecified peptic ulcer.

GOR, gastro‐oesophageal reflux; NA, Not applicable.