Table 2 Summary of significant characteristics associated with perforated corneal ulcers.
| Factors | Proportion (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Outdoor occupation | 32/60 (53) | 16/60 (27) | 3.1 (1.5 to 6.7) | 0.005 |
| Illiteracy | 25/60 (42) | 12/60 (20) | 2.9 (1.3 to 6.4) | 0.02 |
| Excessive alcohol use | 20/60 (33) | 9/60 (15) | 2.8 (1.2 to 6.7) | 0.03 |
| History of “something falling into eye” | 38/60 (63) | 21/60 (35) | 3.2 (1.5 to 6.7) | 0.003 |
| Trauma with vegetable matter | 29/60 (48) | 14/60 (23) | 3.1 (1.4 to 6.7) | 0.008 |
| Visual acuity less than counting fingers* | 59/60 (98) | 10/60 (17) | 295.0 (44.9 to 1842.6) | <0.001 |
| Central location of ulcer* | 41/60 (68) | 14/60(23) | 7.1 (3.2 to 15.8) | <0.001 |
| Lack of corneal vascularisation* | 41/60 (68) | 17/60 (28) | 5.2 (2.5 to 11.9) | <0.001 |
| Delay in starting initial treatment | 46/60 (77) | 8/60 (13) | 21.4 (8.3 to 54.8) | <0.001 |
| Failure to start fortified antibiotics | 34/41 (83) | 8/29 (28) | 12.8 (4.1 to 39.7) | <0.001 |
| Monotherapy with fluoroquinolones | 28/41 (68) | 8/29 (28) | 5.7 (2.0 to 15.9) | 0.002 |
OR, univariate odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals.
*Ulcer characteristics at referral or from available previous records.
Risk factors in bold retained association after multiple logistic regression.